Session 1: Molecular Virology

The study of viruses at the protein and nucleic acid levels is known as molecular virology. All of the techniques developed by molecular biologists have shown promise in the field of virology. Viruses are a perfect subject for these methods because of their small sizes and very basic architecture.

Session 2: Clinical aspects of viruses

The clinical aspects of pathogenic viruses in human, animal, or plant populations as well as in individual hosts are covered by clinical virology. Using traditional, molecular, or immunological techniques, this covers the investigation of viral illnesses, laboratory diagnosis, treatment (antiviral medicines), and control (biocontainment and vaccinations). It is recommended to conduct research on the virome, virus-host interactions, and epidemiology of viral illnesses.

Session 3: Human Pathogenic Viruses

Viruses that may infect and multiply in human cells and cause illness are known as human pathogenic viruses. Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, HIV, coronaviruses, HPV, and Herpes simplex virus are a few instances of viruses that can harm humans. Adenoviridae, Picornaviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Papovaviridae, Polyomavirus, Poxviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Togaviridae are the families that comprise the majority of pathogenic viruses.

Session 4: Viral pathogenesis

The mechanisms via which viral infections result in illness are referred to as viral pathogenesis. These processes include interactions between the virus and the host at the cellular and systemic levels that dictate whether a virus will cause a disease, what shape that disease will take, and how severe the disease will be. Even though every virus has a different pathogenesis, all pathogenic viruses share a few common points in their life cycle. By taking into account these shared elements of the virus-induced disease process, we can examine some general ideas in viral pathogenesis while also illuminating some of the virus-specific processes that influence disease outcomes.

Session 5: Viral Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that coat the brain and spinal cord, is the result of viral meningitis, sometimes referred to as aseptic meningitis. The most prevalent kind of meningitis, it is typically less severe than bacterial meningitis.

Session 6: Viral Egress

The last phase of a virus's replication cycles is called viral egress. In addition to cell membrane breakdown, viral egress is frequently achieved by budding at the cell surface or intracellular membranes. Numerous viruses... Viruses need living cells to grow, and in order to infect another cell, they must get out of the cells.

Session 7: Plant virology

Viruses that can potentially harm plants are known as plant viruses. Plant viruses, like all other viruses, are obligatory intracellular parasites that lack the molecular resources necessary for host-free replication. Vascular plants (sometimes known as "higher plants") can be harmed by plant viruses.

Session 8: Virus and Host immunity

The host develops a wide range of defense systems in response to viral infection. Long before adaptive immunity takes over, innate defenses are activated to prevent or suppress the initial infection, shield cells from infection, or eradicate virus-infected cells. 

Session 9: Virus Evolution

Historically, the study of virus evolution has not been incorporated into the broader field of evolution, instead focusing on disease and its genesis. However, viruses rule the world, and their evolution is a vast and practical topic that may be used to biotechnological issues as well as researched in real time (e.g., HIV in human disease). Although they are not the same, virus and host evolution are highly similar.

Session 10: Antiviral Immunotherapy

An inventive strategy to strengthen the body's immune response against viral infections is antiviral immunotherapy. This therapy seeks to target and eradicate viruses more successfully than conventional treatments by utilizing substances that activate or alter the immune system. Numerous approaches are now in use, and they are especially promising in the treatment of persistent viral illnesses like HIV, hepatitis B, and herpes, where conventional medicines may not be sufficient or may become less successful because of problems like drug resistance.

Session 11: Emerging Diagnostic Tools in Virology

The development of biosensors and CRISPR/Cas systems has revolutionized virology and changed the way that viral infections are identified. Biosensors are excellent in quickly and accurately identifying viral viruses because they offer real-time data, mobility, and high sensitivity. At the same time, the CRISPR/Cas systems—which were once praised for their ability to alter genes—have proven useful in precisely detecting viral nucleic acids. These systems promise to provide very accurate diagnostic tools by detecting DNA and RNA sequences through programmed detection. Biosensors and CRISPR/Cas systems work together to improve the diagnostic precision, speed, and accessibility of viral infection detection, which has the potential to completely transform virology.

Session 12: Biosensors and CRISPR/Cas Applications

A promising technique for identifying a range of targets, such as genetic alterations, bacterial and viral infections, and tumor biomarkers, is CRISPR-Cas biosensors. They are used in a wide range of industries, such as forestry, agriculture, healthcare, and animal husbandry.

Session 13: Antiviral Drug-Resistance

When a virus becomes resistant to an antiviral drug, it is said to have developed antiviral resistance. An antiviral medication becomes less effective or ineffective when the virus changes. It is more difficult to treat a virus that becomes resistant to antivirals. One kind of antimicrobial resistance is antiviral resistance.

Session 14: Cytoskeletal Inflammation & Viral Infection

For viruses to replicate and survive, host factors are essential. Therefore, it is essential to identify host variables that can be used for the development of antivirals. An essential component of the viral infection is the actin cytoskeleton. Numerous actin-associated proteins (AAPs) control the dynamics and function of actin. The function and mechanism of different AAPs in the viral life cycle are still unclear, though. In this work, we examined the functions of AAPs and actin in the pseudorabies virus (PRV) replication process. Our results, which used a library of drugs that target AAPs, revealed that several AAPs, including Rho-GTPases, Rock, Myosin, and Formin, were implicated in PRV infection. Furthermore, our findings showed that PRV infection also involved the actin-binding protein Drebrin. In order to mine host variables for antiviral advances, more research is required to clarify the molecular mechanism of AAPs in the virus life cycle.

Session 15: Bioinformatic and Predictive Virology

Through the application of bioinformatic techniques and predictive computational models, the Bioinformatic and Predictive Virology section publishes research aimed at improving our knowledge of virus variety, evolution, and host interactions.

Session 16: Nanotechnology and Nanosciencein Virology

A key component of the virus entry tracking mechanism is nanotechnology. By following a single virus's many stages throughout its life cycle, the single virus tracking technique (SVT) offers dynamic insights into the fundamental mechanism of virus occurrence in live cells. 

Session 17: SARS-CoV-2

The virus that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), a respiratory illness. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the broad coronavirus family of viruses. Both humans and certain animals can contract these viruses. People were first known to contract SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. It is believed that the virus spreads by way of droplets that are emitted when an infected person talks, sneezes, or coughs. Although it is less often, it can also be transmitted by touching a surface that has the virus on it and then touching one's mouth, nose, or eyes. Both the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the treatment of COVID-19 are being researched. Coronavirus 2 is another name for severe acute respiratory syndrome.

Session 18: Innate and Adaptive/InnateImmune Responses to Viral Infection

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are used in the innate immune response to identify particular viral components, such as viral RNA, DNA, or intermediate products, and to trigger the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines in both infected cells and other immune cells.

Session 19: Computational Virology and Immunology

One of the main causes of infectious diseases in humans is viruses. Severe clinical symptoms and congenital abnormalities are caused by viral illness outbreaks and timely epidemics that spread throughout the world. Determining a possible target for inhibitors and developing vaccines require an understanding of the structure–function link in viruses. Databases pertaining to viruses and bioinformatics tools are crucial pieces of equipment in virology research since they allow researchers to discern the connections between various viral and host-virus interaction datasets. Numerous activities, including sequence alignment, homology searching, open reading frame identification, motif analysis, and gene prediction, are included in bioinformatics analysis. Additionally, it is necessary for the prediction of features like glycosylation sites, transmembrane domains, and secondary and tertiary protein structures. Analyzing protein-protein interaction networks and biochemical pathways is another essential bioinformatics endeavor that can assist clarify information at the level of biological systems. Gene expression profiling and high throughput screening are made possible by microarray analysis.

Session 20: Epidemiology and Control of Blood-Borne Viruses 

Hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis Delta (HDV), and HIV are examples of blood-borne viruses. It is challenging to create efficient medicinal treatments for these viruses because of their intricate transmission patterns and ongoing evolution.

Session 21: Surveillance and Immunization from Virus

Surveillance and immunization are both important for preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases:

·        Surveillance

The systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data to inform public health practice. Surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) helps detect outbreaks and new pathogens, monitor immunization programs, and evaluate the impact of vaccination.

·        Immunization

Session 22: Dynamics and Control of Human and Animal Viral Diseases

Vector-borne human diseases are infections spread by arthropods like fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes from one host to another. Plant illnesses that are spread by insects, mites, or other arthropod vectors are known as vector-borne plant diseases. Vector-borne plant illnesses include, for instance, pine wilt disease and cassava mosaic disease. A crucial tool for comprehending the spread and management of vector-borne illnesses as well as for creating plans to stop their spread is modeling.

Session 23: Role of genetic Virology and Structural Insights

Session 24: Post-transcriptional regulation of viral protein expression and function

Control of viral protein expression and function through post-transcriptional mechanisms. Both RNA and protein modifications are a part of post-transcriptional regulation, which modifies the amounts of protein expression or its functions.

Session 25: Host Interactions and Antiviral Strategies

Determining these host-viral interactions is essential for the development of host-targeted antiviral medications since the virus's ability to survive in host cells depends on the host characteristics that make the infected cell receptive to the viral genome replication.

Session 26: Characterization of HIV-1 Variants

Due to its fast rate of replication and the absence of proofreading activity in its reverse transcriptase, HIV-1 has a high degree of molecular polymorphism.

Session 27: Antiviral treatments

Antiviral drugs assist your body in fending off dangerous viruses. These medications can reduce the duration of a viral infection and alleviate its symptoms. Antivirals also reduce the risk of contracting or disseminating HIV and herpes viruses. The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 is treated by a number of licensed antivirals.